Airports & Aerodromes Operational Management
Aerodrome Manual Development, Compliance Advisory, Regulatory Engagement and Operational Assurance for Licensed Aerodromes under UK CAA CAP 168, ICAO Annex 14 and Associated Frameworks
Running a licensed aerodrome is an exercise in sustained regulatory compliance across a framework that is simultaneously demanding, detailed and continuously evolving. The Aerodrome Manual must be current, accurate and accepted by the Civil Aviation Authority. The operational procedures it describes must match what actually happens on the aerodrome. The compliance monitoring system must identify and correct discrepancies before they become findings. The safety management arrangements must function rather than merely exist. The emergency planning framework must be exercised and evidenced. And the personnel operating within the aerodrome’s various functions — from airside operations through to ground handling, RFFS and maintenance — must be trained, assessed and recorded to the standards the framework requires.
For many aerodrome operators, particularly those managing regional airports, general aviation aerodromes or specialist facilities, the internal resource available to manage these obligations is limited. The Head of Operations who is also responsible for safety management, the person who both manages compliance monitoring and writes the Aerodrome Manual revisions, the organisation that must respond to a CAA oversight finding without a compliance team to support the response — these are the operational realities of aerodrome management outside the major international terminals. And these are the organisations AACS is built to support.
Aerospace and Aviation Consulting Services (AACS) provides specialist operational management advisory, documentation and compliance services for licensed aerodromes across the full size spectrum — from major regional airports and business aviation facilities through to small licensed aerodromes and heliports. We provide the regulatory knowledge, documentation capability and operational depth that aerodrome operators need to manage their licensing obligations effectively, respond to authority findings with credible corrective action, and maintain the operational standards that protect both the aerodrome licence and the safety of everyone who uses the aerodrome.
This is not a training page. This page describes AACS’s advisory, documentation and compliance services for aerodrome operators. The AACS airport training portfolio — including AVDP, airside pedestrian safety, Human Factors and emergency response training — is described on the Airport Training page. The AACS airport SMS advisory service is described on the Airport Safety Management Systems page. This page covers the operational management, documentation and regulatory compliance services that sit alongside and support both.
Who We Support Licensed aerodrome operators under CAP 168 │ Regional and international airports │ General aviation aerodromes and airfields │ Business aviation facilities and FBOs │ Heliports and specialist aerodromes │ Military and dual-use civil/military aerodromes │ Aerodromes seeking initial aerodrome licence │ Aerodromes responding to CAA oversight findings │ Aerodromes revising documentation following operational or physical change │ New aerodrome management teams inheriting existing documentation │ Aerodrome operators integrating construction or development activity with operational compliance |
Aerodrome operators in the United Kingdom operate under a regulatory framework that is both extensive and detailed. The CAP 168 licensing framework establishes the conditions under which a certificated aerodrome may operate and the obligations its operator must discharge. The associated CAP series — CAP 642, CAP 699, CAP 772, CAP 790 and others — provides the detailed operational and safety standards that the licensing framework requires aerodrome operators to implement. ICAO Annex 14 provides the international standards and recommended practices with which UK CAA requirements are aligned. And the general legislative framework — health and safety law, aviation security requirements, environmental legislation — imposes obligations that apply to the aerodrome as a workplace and a regulated facility regardless of its aviation character.
Regulatory Reference | Operational Obligation |
CAP 168 — Licensing of Aerodromes | The primary UK CAA aerodrome licensing framework. Establishes the conditions for aerodrome licensing, the content requirements for the Aerodrome Manual, the operational and safety management standards the aerodrome operator must implement, and the basis for UK CAA licence oversight. Compliance with CAP 168 is the foundational requirement of aerodrome operation. |
CAP 642 — Airside Safety Management | Detailed guidance on airside safety standards: vehicle movements and control, pedestrian safety, FOD prevention and management, runway incursion prevention, wildlife hazard management and construction safety. CAP 642 is the primary operational reference for airside safety management and the content standard for AVDP and pedestrian safety training. |
CAP 699 — RFFS Competency Standards | The competency and training standards for aerodrome Rescue and Fire Fighting Service personnel. Specifies the training, assessment and continuation requirements for all RFFS roles from crew member to station manager. RFFS compliance is a licensing condition for aerodromes operating with RFFS provision. |
CAP 772 — Wildlife Hazard Management | UK CAA guidance on wildlife hazard management at aerodromes. Requires aerodrome operators to assess and manage wildlife strike risk, implement bird control measures and maintain wildlife strike records. Wildlife hazard management arrangements must be documented in the Aerodrome Manual. |
CAP 790 — Airside Safety Standards | Additional UK CAA guidance on airside safety performance standards, including vehicle operation, driving standards, speed limit enforcement and the management of airside vehicle access for contractors and third parties. |
ICAO Annex 14 — Aerodromes | The international standard for aerodrome design, equipment, operations and services. UK CAA CAP 168 requirements are aligned with ICAO Annex 14 Standards and Recommended Practices. International flights to and from the aerodrome are subject to ICAO Annex 14 compliance. |
ICAO Annex 19 — Safety Management | Requires aerodrome operators to implement a Safety Management System as part of their licensing obligations. SMS documentation and implementation must be reflected in the Aerodrome Manual. |
ICAO Doc 9870 — Runway Incursion Prevention | ICAO guidance on runway incursion prevention. Aerodrome operators must implement runway incursion prevention measures addressing both the physical environment and the training and procedural controls that govern movement on the manoeuvring area. |
DfT Aviation Security | Department for Transport aviation security requirements govern the access control framework, security training obligations and the aerodrome’s security programme. The aerodrome operator’s security arrangements must satisfy DfT requirements as a condition of operation. |
Health & Safety at Work Act 1974 | The aerodrome is a workplace. The aerodrome operator and every employer operating airside has a duty under HSWA to manage workplace hazards safely. The multi-employer nature of the aerodrome environment requires careful management of shared and interface health and safety obligations. |
Construction (Design & Management) Regulations 2015 | Construction and development activity on the aerodrome — runway resurfacing, infrastructure works, terminal construction — must be managed under the CDM framework, with specific consideration for the interaction between construction activity and live aerodrome operations. |
Environmental Legislation | Aerodrome operators carry environmental obligations under the Environmental Protection Act, noise abatement requirements, water pollution prevention duties and planning conditions. These must be managed alongside aviation operational obligations and are increasingly subject to regulatory scrutiny. |
The Aerodrome Manual is the defining document of a licensed aerodrome. It must accurately describe the aerodrome’s physical characteristics, its operational procedures, its safety management arrangements, its emergency planning framework and the regulatory conditions under which it operates. It must be accepted by the Civil Aviation Authority. It must be kept current as the aerodrome evolves — as the physical infrastructure changes, as operational procedures are revised, as new regulatory requirements come into force, and as personnel, organisations and operational relationships change. And it must be the document that the CAA inspector reads and then finds accurately represented in the aerodrome’s operational reality.
The gap between what the Aerodrome Manual says and what the aerodrome actually does is among the most consistently identified finding categories in UK CAA aerodrome licence oversight. It develops through the same mechanism in almost every case: the manual is accurate at the point of initial certification, organisational or operational changes occur, and the manual is not revised to reflect them. Over time, the gap widens. At oversight, the inspector finds that the manual describes procedures that are not followed, an SMS that is not implemented as documented, or emergency arrangements that bear no resemblance to the plans on the shelf.
AACS develops Aerodrome Manuals for aerodrome operators approaching initial licence certification, applying for licence variation, or revising existing documentation that has fallen behind the aerodrome’s current operational reality. We write manuals that are accepted by the authority and that accurately describe the aerodrome as it actually operates — not a generic template adapted to look aerodrome-specific.
Aerodrome Manual development services include:
For larger airports, the Airport Operational Manual provides the comprehensive operational reference for all airport functions — extending beyond the CAP 168-required Aerodrome Manual content to cover the full range of operational procedures across airside operations, ground handling interfaces, terminal operations, emergency response, security, environmental management and stakeholder relationships. The AOM is both a regulatory document and an operational management tool — the reference that airport operations staff use to manage the airport consistently regardless of which team or shift is on duty.
AACS develops and revises Airport Operational Manuals that are operationally usable as well as regulatory compliant:
The Aerodrome Manual and AOM describe the operational framework. Standard Operating Procedures provide the step-by-step operational detail that operational staff require to carry out specific activities consistently and safely. SOPs that are incomplete, that describe an idealised procedure that does not reflect operational reality, or that have not been updated to reflect changes in equipment, layout or regulatory requirements are procedures that operational staff learn not to follow — replacing the documented SOP with the informal practice that actually works in the operational environment.
AACS develops and reviews SOPs for aerodrome operators across the full range of operational activities:
Every licensed aerodrome is required to maintain a compliance monitoring system that identifies and corrects departures from regulatory requirements and operational procedures before they become licence findings or safety events. In practice, the compliance monitoring systems of many aerodrome operators — particularly smaller licensed aerodromes without dedicated compliance resource — are either inadequate for the scope of the regulatory obligations they must cover, or have been established at licensing and not meaningfully reviewed since. The result is a system that produces compliance records without producing genuine compliance assurance.
AACS designs compliance monitoring systems for aerodrome operators that are proportionate to the aerodrome’s size and operational complexity, structured to identify genuine compliance risks rather than generate paperwork, and sustainable within the organisation’s actual management resource:
An independent compliance audit from AACS provides aerodrome operators with an external assessment of regulatory compliance across the full scope of CAP 168 and associated requirements — the assessment that identifies the gaps the CAA inspector would find, before the inspector finds them. This is particularly valuable for aerodrome operators approaching a scheduled oversight visit, for new aerodrome management teams assessing the compliance status they have inherited, and for operators who have been through a period of significant operational or organisational change and need an independent view of where their compliance now stands.
Independent compliance audit services include:
UK CAA licence oversight visits are the primary mechanism through which the authority assesses whether a licensed aerodrome is operating in compliance with its licence conditions and the CAP 168 framework. Preparation for oversight is not simply an administrative exercise — it is the opportunity to identify and address the gaps that would otherwise be found by the authority, to ensure that documentation accurately reflects operational reality, and to present the aerodrome’s compliance position in the most credible way.
AACS provides structured oversight preparation support for licensed aerodrome operators:
When a UK CAA oversight visit generates findings, the aerodrome operator’s response to those findings determines both the regulatory outcome and the authority’s confidence in the organisation’s compliance management. A finding response that addresses only the surface manifestation of the finding — that changes a document without understanding why the document was wrong, or that introduces a procedure without investigating why the previous procedure was not being followed — does not resolve the compliance risk. It defers it.
AACS provides specialist support for aerodrome operators responding to authority findings:
Every licensed aerodrome is required to hold an Aerodrome Emergency Plan that defines the response arrangements for the full range of emergency scenarios the aerodrome may face — aircraft accidents and serious incidents, aircraft ground incidents, fire in terminal or airside buildings, fuel spills and environmental incidents, medical emergencies, security incidents, and major infrastructure failures. The emergency plan must be exercised, and the exercises must generate genuine learning that improves the plan and the response capability it describes.
Emergency planning is an area where the gap between documentation and operational reality is particularly consequential. An emergency plan that describes a response framework the aerodrome cannot actually deliver — because the personnel it relies on are not trained to the roles it assigns them, because the equipment it specifies is not available or is not maintained, or because the inter-agency coordination it assumes has never been tested — is not an emergency plan. It is a liability document.
AACS develops Aerodrome Emergency Plans that describe a response framework the aerodrome can actually deliver — built around the aerodrome’s actual resources, personnel, equipment and external agency relationships rather than a generic emergency plan template:
The Aerodrome Emergency Plan must be exercised. CAP 168 requires aerodrome operators to conduct a full emergency exercise at intervals not exceeding two years, with interim desktop or partial exercises to test specific elements of the plan in the intervening period. The purpose of an exercise is not to produce a record that an exercise has taken place — it is to test the plan and the response capability it describes, identify the weaknesses that the test reveals, and generate the improvements that make the aerodrome’s emergency response genuinely more effective.
AACS designs and facilitates emergency exercises for licensed aerodromes that achieve this purpose:
Runway incursions remain one of the highest-consequence risk categories in aerodrome operations. The combination of aircraft operating at high speed in a confined and complex surface environment, multiple surface users with varying levels of familiarity with the aerodrome layout, and the consequences of a conflict on or near the runway make runway incursion prevention a primary operational safety management priority. ICAO Doc 9870 and CAP 168 both require aerodrome operators to implement a specific runway incursion prevention programme — not a general airside safety awareness measure, but a structured, monitored and continuously improved programme targeting the specific causal factors of runway incursions at this aerodrome.
AACS provides runway incursion prevention advisory and programme design for aerodrome operators:
Foreign Object Debris on the aerodrome movement area represents a risk of aircraft damage ranging from tyre blow-out through to catastrophic engine failure. FOD management is required by CAP 168 and CAP 642 and must be addressed in the Aerodrome Manual. But an effective FOD management programme is not simply a policy statement and a schedule of FOD walks — it is a systematic approach to identifying FOD sources, controlling FOD entry to the movement area, detecting and removing FOD promptly when it is present, and using FOD data to identify and address the organisational conditions that produce FOD.
AACS designs FOD management programmes for aerodrome operators:
Wildlife strikes represent a persistent and consequential risk at all licensed aerodromes. CAP 168 requires aerodrome operators to assess wildlife strike risk, implement proportionate management measures, and maintain records of wildlife strikes and bird control activity. CAP 772 provides the detailed guidance framework. An effective wildlife hazard management programme must address both the immediate bird control measures and the longer-term habitat management that reduces the attractiveness of the aerodrome environment to bird species that present a strike risk.
AACS provides wildlife hazard management advisory for aerodrome operators:
Construction and development activity on a live licensed aerodrome creates a specific and demanding safety management challenge — the management of the interface between construction operations and live aircraft movements, airside vehicle operations and operational personnel. Poorly managed construction on the aerodrome is a direct runway incursion and FOD risk, and construction activities that are not correctly integrated into the aerodrome’s operational safety management framework are a consistent source of authority findings.
AACS provides construction safety management advisory for aerodrome operators managing development or maintenance projects on the live aerodrome:
The aerodrome operator’s licence imposes obligations on the conduct of airside operations that extend beyond the operator’s own personnel and vehicles to every organisation that operates within the aerodrome’s licensed area. Airlines, ground handlers, fuelling operators, maintenance organisations, catering contractors, cargo operators and construction companies all operate within the aerodrome operator’s regulatory responsibility — and the aerodrome operator must have a framework for setting standards, monitoring compliance and intervening when standards are not met.
In practice, many aerodrome operators’ management of tenant and contractor compliance is limited to the airside induction process and the periodic circulation of safety notices. This is not a compliance management framework. It is a minimal engagement that leaves the aerodrome operator exposed to the regulatory and safety consequences of tenant non-compliance that the operator did not identify and therefore did not address.
AACS designs tenant and contractor management frameworks for aerodrome operators:
Effective aerodrome operation requires constructive engagement with a wide range of stakeholders — airlines, ground handling organisations, local authorities, ATC providers, emergency services, planning authorities and local communities. For many aerodrome operators, structured stakeholder engagement is an underdeveloped area of operational management — important for the aerodrome’s relationships, regulatory position and commercial environment, but not given the attention or governance structure it warrants.
AACS provides advisory support for aerodrome operator stakeholder engagement:
We write what the aerodrome does — not a template with the aerodrome’s name in the header. Every Aerodrome Manual, SOP, compliance framework and emergency plan AACS produces is built around the specific physical environment, operational procedures, personnel structure and regulatory obligations of the aerodrome we are advising. The authority recognises the difference between documentation that describes a real aerodrome and documentation that describes a hypothetical one. AACS produces the former. |
AACS advisors bring direct experience of aerodrome operations and UK CAA regulatory engagement — the combination of operational knowledge and regulatory understanding that is required to produce documentation that works in both the operational environment and the oversight assessment. We understand the physical environment of the airside area, the operational pressures that shape how procedures are actually followed, and the regulatory expectations the UK CAA brings to licence oversight of aerodromes across the size spectrum.
We work across the full range of aerodrome types. The operational management challenges of a major regional airport with multiple airlines and hundreds of airside personnel are different from those of a small GA aerodrome managed by a handful of permanent staff. Both deserve documentation and advisory that reflects their actual situation rather than a scaled version of someone else’s. AACS calibrates every piece of work to the specific aerodrome.
Our approach is practical. Aerodrome operators do not need lengthy reports observing that their compliance position could be improved. They need clear identification of the specific gaps, direct advice on how to address them, and documentation support that enables the corrections to be made. That is what AACS delivers.
Service Area | What AACS Provides |
Aerodrome Manual development & revision | Initial development, section redevelopment, post-change revision, authority submission and gap analysis against CAP 168 requirements and current operational reality |
Airport Operational Manual development | Full AOM development, section revision, document control system design and alignment review for larger aerodrome operators |
Standard Operating Procedure development | SOP development and review across the full range of airside operational activities — vehicle operations, movement area management, LVO, FOD, wildlife and emergency response |
Compliance monitoring system design | Compliance monitoring framework, internal audit programme, checklist development, finding and corrective action processes and monitoring documentation |
Independent compliance audit | Full compliance audit against CAP 168 and associated requirements, documentation accuracy review, training compliance review, corrective action plan development |
Authority oversight preparation | Pre-oversight gap analysis, documentation readiness review, inspector engagement preparation and finding response support |
Emergency plan development | Full AEP development, section revision, external agency coordination frameworks, action cards and procedure documentation |
Emergency exercise design & facilitation | Full exercise design and facilitation, desktop and tabletop exercises, multi-agency coordination, exercise evaluation and post-exercise improvement planning |
Runway incursion prevention | Risk assessment, prevention programme design, hot spot management, LVO procedures and SPI design |
FOD management programme | Risk assessment, control procedures, detection advisory, data management and SPI design |
Wildlife hazard management | Risk assessment, management plan, Aerodrome Manual section, data management and CAP 772 compliance assessment |
Construction safety management | Safety risk assessment, construction safety management plan, CDM compliance advisory, operational impact assessment and phase monitoring |
Tenant & contractor management | Airside standards framework, tenant assessment, contractor pre-qualification, licence-to-occupy advisory and safety data sharing protocols |
Whether you are approaching initial aerodrome licence certification, revising documentation that has fallen behind operational reality, preparing for a UK CAA oversight visit, responding to a regulatory finding, or seeking specialist support with emergency planning, runway incursion prevention, FOD management, wildlife hazard management or tenant compliance, AACS provides the operational knowledge and documentation capability to deliver what you need.
We will be direct about what your aerodrome’s documentation and compliance position requires, what the regulatory framework demands, and how we can help you manage your licensing obligations effectively and sustainably.
Every engagement is tailored to your organisation’s specific needs.